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资料全称：朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》全套资料【笔记＋题库】
朱永涛英美文化基础教程笔记题库资料
朱永涛英美文化基础教程笔记题库资料部分摘录：
3.1复习笔记
【本章要点】
1The Evolution of Old English
2Middle English BModern English:the Language of Shakespeare
4Souvenirs from Abroad
5Standard English and Social Class
6English Today
【核心笔记】
English originated in 450 AD，when the Anglo-Saxon and Jutes from northwest Germany and Denmark continuously invaded Britain.The tribes used to have their own Germanic dialects，but when they controlled the country and settled there，four main English dialects emerged:Messiah；Northumberland，Kent，and West Saxon.
英语的历史真正开始于公元450年，那时来自于德国西北部和丹麦的盎格鲁-撒克逊人和朱特人部落不断地入侵英国。各部落都有自己的日耳曼方言，但当他们控制全国并在那定居后，出现了四个主要的方言：麦西亚语；诺森伯兰语、肯特郡语和西撒克逊语。
1The Evolution of Old English（古英语的演变）
（1）Prehistoric Old English（c.450 to 650）
During this period，Old English was mainly the reconstruction of the language.The literary worksof the time did not survive.This language spoken by the Saxons and Jutes，or the language of the group，is also called primitive Old English.
（2）Early Old English（c.650 to 900）
The period of the oldest manuscript traditions，with authors such as Cedmon，Bede，Cynewulf and Aldhelm.
（3）Late Old English（c.900 to 1066）
The final stage of the language leading up to the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent transition to Early Middle English.
（1）史前古英语（公元450~650）这一时期，古英语主要是重建语言，因为没有当时的文学作品留存下来。这种撒克逊人和朱特人所说的语言，或集团的语言也被称为原始古英语。
（2）早期古英语（公元650~900）最古老的手稿时期，那时的作者有，如Cedmon，比德，Cynewul和奥尔德赫姆。
（3）晚古英语（公元900~1066）语言的最后阶段处于英格兰诺尔曼征服时期，随后过渡到了早期中古英语。
2、Middle English（中世纪英语）
（1）Early Middle English The second half of the 1lth century was the transitional period from Late Old English to Early Middle English.Early Middle English was the language of the 12th and 13th centuries.MiddleEnglish was fully developed as a literary language by the second half of the 14th century.
（2）Late Middle English Late Middle English and the transition to Early Modern English took place from the early 15th century and were taken to have been complete by the beginning of the Tudor period in 1485.
（1）早期中世纪英语
从晚古英语到早期中古英语的过渡是在十一世纪的后半段。早期中世纪英语是十二和十三世纪的语言。十四世纪下半叶中世纪英语全面发展为文学语言。
（2）中世纪晚期英国
中世纪晚期英语以及向现代英语的过渡发生在十五世纪初，于1485年都铎王朝的开始而结束。
